A long shot is the theme. Are you using some non-standard theme on your desktop?
What is a theme?
It's how the desktop looks - colours, icons, widgets that sort of thing. Complex themes have a "theme engine" underneath that does a lot of the hard work of drawing things on the screen
Finally, do you have a spare graphics card you could try in the machine? (This is just to make sure there's no hardware problem.)
Only as a last resort. Having already lost a couple graphics cards (not in this machine), I open the case rarely and with fear and trepidation.
When I hover over text, the black tape effect goes away. Do graphics cards know about text or hovering?
Not really. But hardware issues may affect the rendering of some things.
P.