-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- Hash: SHA1
Hi,
With the recent CVE-2016-0728, I was quickly having a look at updating the different kernels we ship through the official images. Actually we only have two kernels : - - what I'd call the "generic" one (that can be used on multiple boards directly, and following the Fedora upstream kernel) - - the raspberrypi2 variant (built from sources located at https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux)
I've built (and tested locally those myself) the following updated kernels (including patches for CVE-2016-0728) : - - kernel-4.3.3-200.el7.armv7hl.rpm (updating kernel-4.2.3-200.el7.armv7hl.rpm) - - raspberrypi2-kernel-4.1.16-v7+.1.20160125gitab2b2e0.el7.armv7hl.rpm (for rpi2, obviously, updating raspberrypi2-kernel-4.1.11-v7+.1.20151021git4047fe2.el7.armv7hl.rpm)
One important thing is that actually we still lack an automatic update process, something I'd like to work (with you ?) in the following days/weeks. But you can already test the updated/unsigned kernels (feedback wanted !)
- - create the /etc/yum.repos.d/ .repo file pointing to corresponding repo, depending on your board : - http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-generic/ - http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-rpi2/ as an example, here is how it would look like :
[kernel-generic] name=armhfp kernel generic baseurl=http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-generic/ gpgcheck=0 enabled=1
or
[kernel-rpi2] name=armhfp rpi2 kernel baseurl=http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-rpi2/ gpgcheck=0 enabled=1
- - now "yum clean all ; yum update"
- - as the current call to "/bin/kernel-install add" (from systemd shipped with CentOS 7) doesn't cover - in the whole chain- armhfp, one then needs to build the initramfs + modify boot config
rpi2 : - dracut /boot/initramfs-4.1.16-v7+.1.20160125gitab2b2e0.el7.img 4.1.16-v7+.1.20160125gitab2b2e0.el7 - systemctl reboot
generic : - dracut /boot/initramfs-4.3.3-200.el7.armv7hl.img 4.3.3-200.el7.armv7hl - edit /boot/extlinux.conf to modify the kernel/initrd - systemctl reboot
Thanks for the testers, and after we can edit the wiki page, and start working on a script that would automate all that.
Cheers, - -- Fabian Arrotin The CentOS Project | http://www.centos.org gpg key: 56BEC54E | twitter: @arrfab
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- Hash: SHA1
On 25/01/16 17:29, Fabian Arrotin wrote:
Hi,
With the recent CVE-2016-0728, I was quickly having a look at updating the different kernels we ship through the official images. Actually we only have two kernels : - what I'd call the "generic" one (that can be used on multiple boards directly, and following the Fedora upstream kernel) - the raspberrypi2 variant (built from sources located at https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux)
I've built (and tested locally those myself) the following updated kernels (including patches for CVE-2016-0728) : - kernel-4.3.3-200.el7.armv7hl.rpm (updating kernel-4.2.3-200.el7.armv7hl.rpm) - raspberrypi2-kernel-4.1.16-v7+.1.20160125gitab2b2e0.el7.armv7hl.rpm
(for rpi2, obviously, updating
raspberrypi2-kernel-4.1.11-v7+.1.20151021git4047fe2.el7.armv7hl.rpm)
One important thing is that actually we still lack an automatic update process, something I'd like to work (with you ?) in the following days/weeks. But you can already test the updated/unsigned kernels (feedback wanted !)
- create the /etc/yum.repos.d/ .repo file pointing to
corresponding repo, depending on your board : - http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-generic/ - http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-rpi2/ as an example, here is how it would look like :
[kernel-generic] name=armhfp kernel generic baseurl=http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-generic/
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1
or
[kernel-rpi2] name=armhfp rpi2 kernel baseurl=http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-rpi2/ gpgcheck=0 enabled=1
now "yum clean all ; yum update"
as the current call to "/bin/kernel-install add" (from systemd
shipped with CentOS 7) doesn't cover - in the whole chain- armhfp, one then needs to build the initramfs + modify boot config
rpi2 : - dracut /boot/initramfs-4.1.16-v7+.1.20160125gitab2b2e0.el7.img 4.1.16-v7+.1.20160125gitab2b2e0.el7 - systemctl reboot
generic : - dracut /boot/initramfs-4.3.3-200.el7.armv7hl.img 4.3.3-200.el7.armv7hl - edit /boot/extlinux.conf to modify the kernel/initrd - systemctl reboot
Thanks for the testers, and after we can edit the wiki page, and start working on a script that would automate all that.
Cheers,
Just wondering if someone had time to check/test this ?
- -- Fabian Arrotin The CentOS Project | http://www.centos.org gpg key: 56BEC54E | twitter: @arrfab
Maybe tomorrow. More likely Monday.
I have been crunching on the paid work.... :)
On 02/04/2016 02:39 AM, Fabian Arrotin wrote:
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- Hash: SHA1
On 25/01/16 17:29, Fabian Arrotin wrote:
Hi,
With the recent CVE-2016-0728, I was quickly having a look at updating the different kernels we ship through the official images. Actually we only have two kernels : - what I'd call the "generic" one (that can be used on multiple boards directly, and following the Fedora upstream kernel) - the raspberrypi2 variant (built from sources located at https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux)
I've built (and tested locally those myself) the following updated kernels (including patches for CVE-2016-0728) : - kernel-4.3.3-200.el7.armv7hl.rpm (updating kernel-4.2.3-200.el7.armv7hl.rpm) - raspberrypi2-kernel-4.1.16-v7+.1.20160125gitab2b2e0.el7.armv7hl.rpm
(for rpi2, obviously, updating
raspberrypi2-kernel-4.1.11-v7+.1.20151021git4047fe2.el7.armv7hl.rpm)
One important thing is that actually we still lack an automatic update process, something I'd like to work (with you ?) in the following days/weeks. But you can already test the updated/unsigned kernels (feedback wanted !)
- create the /etc/yum.repos.d/ .repo file pointing to
corresponding repo, depending on your board : - http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-generic/ - http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-rpi2/ as an example, here is how it would look like :
[kernel-generic] name=armhfp kernel generic baseurl=http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-generic/
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1
or
[kernel-rpi2] name=armhfp rpi2 kernel baseurl=http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-rpi2/ gpgcheck=0 enabled=1
now "yum clean all ; yum update"
as the current call to "/bin/kernel-install add" (from systemd
shipped with CentOS 7) doesn't cover - in the whole chain- armhfp, one then needs to build the initramfs + modify boot config
rpi2 : - dracut /boot/initramfs-4.1.16-v7+.1.20160125gitab2b2e0.el7.img 4.1.16-v7+.1.20160125gitab2b2e0.el7 - systemctl reboot
generic : - dracut /boot/initramfs-4.3.3-200.el7.armv7hl.img 4.3.3-200.el7.armv7hl - edit /boot/extlinux.conf to modify the kernel/initrd - systemctl reboot
Thanks for the testers, and after we can edit the wiki page, and start working on a script that would automate all that.
Cheers,
Just wondering if someone had time to check/test this ?
Fabian Arrotin The CentOS Project | http://www.centos.org gpg key: 56BEC54E | twitter: @arrfab -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: GnuPG v2.0.22 (GNU/Linux)
iEYEARECAAYFAlazACoACgkQnVkHo1a+xU43qACggqvgfMki1K/MEEuvigl87NhR RZkAniA03+WN1qj8TIqc9nK/SiT3lJtV =PyEl -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- _______________________________________________ Arm-dev mailing list Arm-dev@centos.org https://lists.centos.org/mailman/listinfo/arm-dev
----- Oorspronkelijk bericht ----- Van: "Fabian Arrotin" arrfab@centos.org Aan: arm-dev@centos.org Verzonden: Donderdag 4 februari 2016 08:39:22 Onderwerp: Re: [Arm-dev] testing updated kernels - feedback wanted !
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- Hash: SHA1
On 25/01/16 17:29, Fabian Arrotin wrote:
Hi,
With the recent CVE-2016-0728, I was quickly having a look at updating the different kernels we ship through the official images. Actually we only have two kernels : - what I'd call the "generic" one (that can be used on multiple boards directly, and following the Fedora upstream kernel) - the raspberrypi2 variant (built from sources located at https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux)
I've built (and tested locally those myself) the following updated kernels (including patches for CVE-2016-0728) : - kernel-4.3.3-200.el7.armv7hl.rpm (updating kernel-4.2.3-200.el7.armv7hl.rpm) - raspberrypi2-kernel-4.1.16-v7+.1.20160125gitab2b2e0.el7.armv7hl.rpm
(for rpi2, obviously, updating
raspberrypi2-kernel-4.1.11-v7+.1.20151021git4047fe2.el7.armv7hl.rpm)
One important thing is that actually we still lack an automatic update process, something I'd like to work (with you ?) in the following days/weeks. But you can already test the updated/unsigned kernels (feedback wanted !)
- create the /etc/yum.repos.d/ .repo file pointing to
corresponding repo, depending on your board : - http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-generic/ - http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-rpi2/ as an example, here is how it would look like :
[kernel-generic] name=armhfp kernel generic baseurl=http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-generic/
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1
or
[kernel-rpi2] name=armhfp rpi2 kernel baseurl=http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-rpi2/ gpgcheck=0 enabled=1
now "yum clean all ; yum update"
as the current call to "/bin/kernel-install add" (from systemd
shipped with CentOS 7) doesn't cover - in the whole chain- armhfp, one then needs to build the initramfs + modify boot config
rpi2 : - dracut /boot/initramfs-4.1.16-v7+.1.20160125gitab2b2e0.el7.img 4.1.16-v7+.1.20160125gitab2b2e0.el7 - systemctl reboot
generic : - dracut /boot/initramfs-4.3.3-200.el7.armv7hl.img 4.3.3-200.el7.armv7hl - edit /boot/extlinux.conf to modify the kernel/initrd - systemctl reboot
Thanks for the testers, and after we can edit the wiki page, and start working on a script that would automate all that.
Cheers,
Just wondering if someone had time to check/test this ?
Hello All,
I'm behind Rasberry Pi2 Model B /Centos for the first time, and trying to test this.
uname -a [root@rpi2 yum.repos.d]# uname -a Linux rpi2 4.1.11-v7+ #822 SMP PREEMPT Fri Oct 23 16:22:18 BST 2015 armv7l armv7l armv7l GNU/Linux
[root@rpi2 yum.repos.d]# vi kernel-rpi2
[kernel-rpi2] name=armhfp rpi2 kernel baseurl=http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-rpi2/ gpgcheck=0 enabled=1
[root@rpi2 yum.repos.d]# yum clean all Geladen plugins: fastestmirror Opschonen repo's:base extras updates Cleaning up everything Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors [root@rpi2 yum.repos.d]# yum repolist Geladen plugins: fastestmirror base | 3.6 kB 00:00:00 extras | 2.9 kB 00:00:00 updates | 2.9 kB 00:00:00 (1/4): extras/7/armhfp/primary_db | 12 kB 00:00:00 (2/4): base/7/armhfp/group_gz | 154 kB 00:00:00 (3/4): updates/7/armhfp/primary_db | 248 kB 00:00:00 (4/4): base/7/armhfp/primary_db | 2.6 MB 00:00:01 Determining fastest mirrors repo id repo naam status base/7/armhfp CentOS-7 - Base 4.883 extras/7/armhfp CentOS-7 - Extras 13 updates/7/armhfp CentOS-7 - Updates 296 repolist: 5.192 [root@rpi2 yum.repos.d]# yum update Geladen plugins: fastestmirror base | 3.6 kB 00:00:00 extras | 2.9 kB 00:00:00 updates | 2.9 kB 00:00:00 Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile No packages marked for update
So I think repo does not appear. What am I doing wrong?
greetings, Johan
- -- Fabian Arrotin The CentOS Project | http://www.centos.org gpg key: 56BEC54E | twitter: @arrfab
_______________________________________________ Arm-dev mailing list Arm-dev@centos.org https://lists.centos.org/mailman/listinfo/arm-dev
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- Hash: SHA1
On 22/02/16 17:14, johan.vermeulen7@telenet.be wrote:
----- Oorspronkelijk bericht ----- Van: "Fabian Arrotin" arrfab@centos.org Aan: arm-dev@centos.org Verzonden: Donderdag 4 februari 2016 08:39:22 Onderwerp: Re: [Arm-dev] testing updated kernels - feedback wanted !
On 25/01/16 17:29, Fabian Arrotin wrote:
Hi,
With the recent CVE-2016-0728, I was quickly having a look at updating the different kernels we ship through the official images. Actually we only have two kernels : - what I'd call the "generic" one (that can be used on multiple boards directly, and following the Fedora upstream kernel) - the raspberrypi2 variant (built from sources located at https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux)
I've built (and tested locally those myself) the following updated kernels (including patches for CVE-2016-0728) : - kernel-4.3.3-200.el7.armv7hl.rpm (updating kernel-4.2.3-200.el7.armv7hl.rpm) - raspberrypi2-kernel-4.1.16-v7+.1.20160125gitab2b2e0.el7.armv7hl.rpm
(for rpi2, obviously, updating
raspberrypi2-kernel-4.1.11-v7+.1.20151021git4047fe2.el7.armv7hl.rpm)
One important thing is that actually we still lack an automatic update process, something I'd like to work (with you ?) in the following days/weeks. But you can already test the updated/unsigned kernels (feedback wanted !)
- create the /etc/yum.repos.d/ .repo file pointing to
corresponding repo, depending on your board : - http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-generic/ - http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-rpi2/ as an example, here is how it would look like :
[kernel-generic] name=armhfp kernel generic baseurl=http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-generic/
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1
or
[kernel-rpi2] name=armhfp rpi2 kernel baseurl=http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-rpi2/ gpgcheck=0 enabled=1
- now "yum clean all ; yum update"
- as the current call to "/bin/kernel-install add" (from systemd
shipped with CentOS 7) doesn't cover - in the whole chain- armhfp, one then needs to build the initramfs + modify boot config
rpi2 : - dracut /boot/initramfs-4.1.16-v7+.1.20160125gitab2b2e0.el7.img 4.1.16-v7+.1.20160125gitab2b2e0.el7 - systemctl reboot
generic : - dracut /boot/initramfs-4.3.3-200.el7.armv7hl.img 4.3.3-200.el7.armv7hl - edit /boot/extlinux.conf to modify the kernel/initrd - systemctl reboot
Thanks for the testers, and after we can edit the wiki page, and start working on a script that would automate all that.
Cheers,
Just wondering if someone had time to check/test this ?
Hello All,
I'm behind Rasberry Pi2 Model B /Centos for the first time, and trying to test this.
uname -a [root@rpi2 yum.repos.d]# uname -a Linux rpi2 4.1.11-v7+ #822 SMP PREEMPT Fri Oct 23 16:22:18 BST 2015 armv7l armv7l armv7l GNU/Linux
[root@rpi2 yum.repos.d]# vi kernel-rpi2
[kernel-rpi2] name=armhfp rpi2 kernel baseurl=http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-rpi2/ gpgcheck=0 enabled=1
[root@rpi2 yum.repos.d]# yum clean all Geladen plugins: fastestmirror Opschonen repo's:base extras updates Cleaning up everything Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors [root@rpi2 yum.repos.d]# yum repolist Geladen plugins: fastestmirror base | 3.6 kB 00:00:00 extras | 2.9 kB 00:00:00 updates | 2.9 kB 00:00:00 (1/4): extras/7/armhfp/primary_db | 12 kB 00:00:00 (2/4): base/7/armhfp/group_gz | 154 kB 00:00:00 (3/4): updates/7/armhfp/primary_db | 248 kB 00:00:00 (4/4): base/7/armhfp/primary_db | 2.6 MB 00:00:01 Determining fastest mirrors repo id repo naam status base/7/armhfp CentOS-7 - Base 4.883 extras/7/armhfp CentOS-7 - Extras 13 updates/7/armhfp CentOS-7 - Updates 296 repolist: 5.192 [root@rpi2 yum.repos.d]# yum update Geladen plugins: fastestmirror base | 3.6 kB 00:00:00 extras | 2.9 kB 00:00:00 updates | 2.9 kB 00:00:00 Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile No packages marked for update
So I think repo does not appear. What am I doing wrong?
greetings, Johan
Hi Johan,
It seems that there was a layout change in the the sent mails, but if you look at the original mail (https://lists.centos.org/pipermail/arm-dev/2016-January/001597.html) , you'll see :
[kernel-rpi2] name=armhfp rpi2 kernel baseurl=http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-rpi2/ gpgcheck=0 enabled=1
Please not the "enabled=1" line .
Cheers,
- -- Fabian Arrotin gpg key: 56BEC54E | twitter: @arrfab
- -- Fabian Arrotin The CentOS Project | http://www.centos.org gpg key: 56BEC54E | twitter: @arrfab
----- Oorspronkelijk bericht ----- Van: "Fabian Arrotin" arrfab@centos.org Aan: arm-dev@centos.org Verzonden: Maandag 22 februari 2016 17:18:38 Onderwerp: Re: [Arm-dev] testing updated kernels - feedback wanted !
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- Hash: SHA1
On 22/02/16 17:14, johan.vermeulen7@telenet.be wrote:
----- Oorspronkelijk bericht ----- Van: "Fabian Arrotin" arrfab@centos.org Aan: arm-dev@centos.org Verzonden: Donderdag 4 februari 2016 08:39:22 Onderwerp: Re: [Arm-dev] testing updated kernels - feedback wanted !
On 25/01/16 17:29, Fabian Arrotin wrote:
Hi,
With the recent CVE-2016-0728, I was quickly having a look at updating the different kernels we ship through the official images. Actually we only have two kernels : - what I'd call the "generic" one (that can be used on multiple boards directly, and following the Fedora upstream kernel) - the raspberrypi2 variant (built from sources located at https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux)
I've built (and tested locally those myself) the following updated kernels (including patches for CVE-2016-0728) : - kernel-4.3.3-200.el7.armv7hl.rpm (updating kernel-4.2.3-200.el7.armv7hl.rpm) - raspberrypi2-kernel-4.1.16-v7+.1.20160125gitab2b2e0.el7.armv7hl.rpm
(for rpi2, obviously, updating
raspberrypi2-kernel-4.1.11-v7+.1.20151021git4047fe2.el7.armv7hl.rpm)
One important thing is that actually we still lack an automatic update process, something I'd like to work (with you ?) in the following days/weeks. But you can already test the updated/unsigned kernels (feedback wanted !)
- create the /etc/yum.repos.d/ .repo file pointing to
corresponding repo, depending on your board : - http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-generic/ - http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-rpi2/ as an example, here is how it would look like :
[kernel-generic] name=armhfp kernel generic baseurl=http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-generic/
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1
or
[kernel-rpi2] name=armhfp rpi2 kernel baseurl=http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-rpi2/ gpgcheck=0 enabled=1
- now "yum clean all ; yum update"
- as the current call to "/bin/kernel-install add" (from systemd
shipped with CentOS 7) doesn't cover - in the whole chain- armhfp, one then needs to build the initramfs + modify boot config
rpi2 : - dracut /boot/initramfs-4.1.16-v7+.1.20160125gitab2b2e0.el7.img 4.1.16-v7+.1.20160125gitab2b2e0.el7 - systemctl reboot
generic : - dracut /boot/initramfs-4.3.3-200.el7.armv7hl.img 4.3.3-200.el7.armv7hl - edit /boot/extlinux.conf to modify the kernel/initrd - systemctl reboot
Thanks for the testers, and after we can edit the wiki page, and start working on a script that would automate all that.
Cheers,
Just wondering if someone had time to check/test this ?
Hello All,
I'm behind Rasberry Pi2 Model B /Centos for the first time, and trying to test this.
uname -a [root@rpi2 yum.repos.d]# uname -a Linux rpi2 4.1.11-v7+ #822 SMP PREEMPT Fri Oct 23 16:22:18 BST 2015 armv7l armv7l armv7l GNU/Linux
[root@rpi2 yum.repos.d]# vi kernel-rpi2
[kernel-rpi2] name=armhfp rpi2 kernel baseurl=http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-rpi2/ gpgcheck=0 enabled=1
[root@rpi2 yum.repos.d]# yum clean all Geladen plugins: fastestmirror Opschonen repo's:base extras updates Cleaning up everything Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors [root@rpi2 yum.repos.d]# yum repolist Geladen plugins: fastestmirror base | 3.6 kB 00:00:00 extras | 2.9 kB 00:00:00 updates | 2.9 kB 00:00:00 (1/4): extras/7/armhfp/primary_db | 12 kB 00:00:00 (2/4): base/7/armhfp/group_gz | 154 kB 00:00:00 (3/4): updates/7/armhfp/primary_db | 248 kB 00:00:00 (4/4): base/7/armhfp/primary_db | 2.6 MB 00:00:01 Determining fastest mirrors repo id repo naam status base/7/armhfp CentOS-7 - Base 4.883 extras/7/armhfp CentOS-7 - Extras 13 updates/7/armhfp CentOS-7 - Updates 296 repolist: 5.192 [root@rpi2 yum.repos.d]# yum update Geladen plugins: fastestmirror base | 3.6 kB 00:00:00 extras | 2.9 kB 00:00:00 updates | 2.9 kB 00:00:00 Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile No packages marked for update
So I think repo does not appear. What am I doing wrong?
greetings, Johan
Hi Johan,
It seems that there was a layout change in the the sent mails, but if you look at the original mail (https://lists.centos.org/pipermail/arm-dev/2016-January/001597.html) , you'll see :
[kernel-rpi2] name=armhfp rpi2 kernel baseurl=http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-rpi2/ gpgcheck=0 enabled=1
Please not the "enabled=1" line .
Cheers,
Hello Fabian,
this is now the config:
[root@rpi2 yum.repos.d]# vi kernel-rpi2
[kernel-rpi2] name=armhfp rpi2 kernel baseurl=http://dev.centos.org/centos/7/kernel/armhfp/kernel-rpi2/ gpgcheck=0 enabled=1
still same behaviour. Repo not showing up, no updates.
Greetings, Johan
- -- Fabian Arrotin gpg key: 56BEC54E | twitter: @arrfab
- -- Fabian Arrotin The CentOS Project | http://www.centos.org gpg key: 56BEC54E | twitter: @arrfab
_______________________________________________ Arm-dev mailing list Arm-dev@centos.org https://lists.centos.org/mailman/listinfo/arm-dev